Hospitals & Asylums
African International Development HA-9-3-6
By Anthony J. Sanders
A. This Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper is written to
administrate African Social Security. In 2005
1. Continental Africa had a GDP of $2,272.5 billion and per capita of $2,500. In North Africa the GDP was $839.5 billion and per capita $5,300. In Sub Saharan African the GDP is $1,433 and per capita $2,000.
2.
Between 1990 and 2001, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty (less
than 1 dollar a day) in developing countries declined from 28 to 21 percent,
i.e. by 129 million people and is set to decline to 10 percent (622 million
people) by 2015.
3. Africa has been slipping backwards during that past 20-25 years while 400 million people have escaped poverty, over half in China. In sub-Saharan Africa 20 years ago, 150 million people lived in what we define as extreme poverty, that’s a dollar a day or less and poverty would be roughly twice that level. As the result of the AIDS and other crisis, the number of people living on less than $1 a day in Africa has doubled to some 300 million in 2005 despite considerable development assistance.
4. It is estimated that some 843 million people in developing and transition countries continue to be hungry and over a billion live on less than a dollar a day. With about 75 percent of the poor and hungry in developing countries living in rural areas, promoting investments in agricultural and rural development, in particular, is fundamental.
5. To afford the $365 per capita cost it can be estimated that Sub Saharan Africa requires international investment of at least $100 billion annually to afford the UN Development Goals. In 2003 ODA to Africa was estimated by UNDP at $23,717 million administrated $2,340 million to North Africa and $21,377 million to Sub Saharan Africa. In 2004 as the ODA for Africa was estimated at only $25 billion.
6. In 2005 the G-8 focused upon Africa and progress was made
reaffirming commitment to the international development of the world’s poorest
continent. In Behalf of the Commission
on Africa Tony Blair stated, Africa is a wonderful,
diverse continent with an extraordinary, energetic and resilient people. But it
is also plagued with problems so serious that no continent could tackle them on
its own. The world, rightly, looks to
the G8 to show leadership on Africa HA-7-7-5.
7. In 2006 it is estimated that we will administrate $33,000
million in Africa. To achieve needed
levels of funding the plan is to increase funding for African International
Development by $8 billion a year to achieve a level of $100 billion by 2015 to
fully satisfy the demand for international assistance to achieve the
conservative and finite standards of the UN Millennium Goals. In 2007, should the annual increase of $8,000
million should increase spending to $41 billion in 2007, $49 billion in 2008,
$57 billion in 2009 and $65 billion in 2010.
8. The $25 billion AIDS Trust fund should lend enough solvency to the health sector to permit dramatic statistical improvements in the provision of health services to individuals who otherwise wouldn’t have access to medical treatment. The toll of the disease has led the Secretary-General to request another $8-10 billion annually to combat HIV/AIDS that infects 26 million Africans and caused 2.3 million deaths in 2004.
B. Africa faces numerous and complex problems as a result of this poverty. There is however great potential and opportunity for growth and development throughout the continent for investing in the people. Developing countries are acknowledging the need to commit more resources for sustainable development that benefits the poor. Although poverty is devastating, it is the norm, therefore there is little objection to a single currency, continental taxation, continental welfare and continental trade without tariffs. Since 1995 15 African countries have achieved annual median growth rates of 5 percent.
1. International co-operation will be required to afford the costs of health, education, welfare and sanitation needed to ensure the human right to social security under Art. 3 (hi) and Art. 13 (gh) that directs donors to the Executive Council to harmonize the international social insurance with the health, welfare, education, cultural and human resources programs of African nations under the Constitutive Act of the African Union adopted 11 July 2000. In the United Nations Millennium Declaration A/RES/55/2 of 18 September 2000 we signed a solemn pledge “to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty” that draws our attention particularly to satisfying the proportional administrative needs of least developed African counties to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals.
2. It is hoped that the African Union will annually update a Statute in the principles of the AU Solidarity, Development and Compensation Fund set forth in Art. 81(1) of Chapter XVI of the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community that was adopted in Abuja, Nigeria on 3 June 1991 and ratified on 12 May 1994 to account for a steady increase in ODA to least developed African nations and most impoverished People.
C. The UN Millennium Development Goals for 2015, aims to:
1. Reduce by half the number of people who suffer hunger or live in extreme poverty of less than $1 a day. 2. Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary education. 3. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education as soon as 2005. 4. Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate of children under the age of five. 5. Reduce by three quarter the maternal mortality ratio. 6. Halt and reverse the spread of AID, malaria and other major diseases. 7. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs to reverse loss of environmental resources. a. Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water. b. Achieve significant improvements in the lives of at least 100-million slum dwellers worldwide by 2020. 8. Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory. a. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction—nationally and internationally. b. Address the least developed countries’ special needs. c. This includes tariff- and quota-free access for their exports; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction. d. Address the special needs of landlocked and Small Island developing States. e. Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term. f. In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth. g. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries. h. In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies — especially information and communications technologies D. Regional conference of the International Social Security Association (ISSA) in Lusaka, Zambia on Social Security in the African Context from 9-12 August 2005 set major priorities for social security administrators and policy makers in the region. The role of social security with respect to national labor markets and employment policies has been adopted as a major theme for the ISSA during 2005-2007. The conference focused upon social security and the national economy, acceptance of social security in Africa, social health insurance, pensions and risk management. The need to provide protection for the population by guaranteeing their basic income has long been recognized as a fundamental objective of social security schemes. In Africa, the need for effective social protection, especially in the area of medical care, is of paramount importance
1. Most societies want to enjoy a steadily rising standard of living while simultaneously protecting their members’ current social and economic status. Economic growth is the prerequisite for the former, while social security programmes are a prime mechanism for achieving the latter. Considerable challenges face governments and social security systems in Africa. The aim of social policies in Africa in the area of social security should be to reduce and alleviate poverty and inequality, and support the objective of a growing economy with a larger tax base for government revenues encouraging developments on the continent, appropriate standard-setting at country and regional level – through appropriate human rights frameworks, the adoption of regional benchmarks, and the introduction of international standards – could do much to enhance the acceptance of social security in Africa in part by regionally reassuring contributors that they will not lose social security coverage when they move between schemes – both within a country and across borders. Regulation of both the public and private environment is important to increase transparency while protecting beneficiaries.
2. Social security system is based on a single scheme covering virtually the entire population against risks in the following five branches: social insurance; retirement; work injuries and occupational diseases; family benefits; unemployment. Health insurance is one part of social insurance, which also covers maternity, invalidity and death, and it is by far the largest. Those benefiting from and covered by health insurance are: employees, regardless of the sector in which they work; self-employed persons; former workers in receipt of social security benefits (disability or retirement pensions, annuities as a result of a work injury or occupational disease, unemployment benefit); certain categories of persons whose status entitles them to be social security beneficiaries (students, apprentices, handicapped people, veterans, destitute persons receiving State welfare). Health insurance provides: benefits in kind, consisting of payment of health care costs (medical acts of doctors and dentists, laboratory tests and analyses, pharmaceuticals, prosthetic and other appliances, in-patient hospital care, spa resort cures, rehabilitation, transportation); cash benefits designed to make up for lost earnings due to sick leave. The World Development Report recommends a minimum of USD12.00 per capita in health insurance. For any health insurance scheme to succeed, information transfers, communications and computerization are vital factors in a number of ways, which includes the establishment of a membership database and a tracking system for monitoring and control. The processing of claims under the fee-for-service is effective but tedious and thus cannot be done manually. African countries should strive to establish "social" health insurance schemes to cover the majority of the population as health care costs/expenses and the multitude and complexity of diseases become unmanageable at individual or family levels. Both political and government support is necessary at all times.
E. The social security
administration seems like the only macroeconomic institution capable of safely
and securely administrating money to the world’s poorest people who would then
self determinately feed themselves to the benefit of the market economy.
1. Art. 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 217 A (III) (1948) states, everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his [or her] personality.
2.
Art. 9 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2200A(XXI)(1966) recognizes a right of everyone
to social security, including social insurance.
Each State Party
undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and
co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its
available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full
realization of the rights.
3. Art. 11 of the Declaration on Social Progress and Development 2542 (XXIV) 1969
explains that comprehensive social security schemes and social welfare services
are established to improve social security and insurance schemes for all
persons who, because of illness, disability or old age, are temporarily or
permanently unable to earn a living, with a view to ensuring a proper standard
of living for such persons and for their families and dependants; by
a. assuring the right to work and the right of everyone to
form trade union and bargain collectively,
b. eliminating hunger and malnutrition,
c. eliminating poverty,
d. upholding the highest standards of health, and
education, if possible free of charge,
e. providing housing for low income people.
From lowest per capita income to highest
|
|
Country |
Population |
GDP billion |
Per Capita |
ODA 2003 |
ODA 2006 |
Con. |
|
|
Africa Total |
886,245,857 |
2,272.5 |
$2,565 |
-30.2 26,416 |
-40 35,065 |
2000 |
|
|
North Africa |
158,603,970 |
839.5 |
$5,293 |
2,191 |
2,065 |
|
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
727,641,887 |
1,433 |
$2,000 |
-30.2 24,225 |
-40 33,000 |
|
|
1 |
273,008 |
|
|
|
25 |
||
|
2 |
8,591,629 |
4.825 |
$600 |
60 |
750 |
||
|
3 |
12,158,924 |
7.629 |
$600 |
497.9 |
1,000 |
||
|
4 |
671,247 |
0.441 |
$600 |
24.5 |
100 |
||
|
5 |
6,370,609 |
4.432 |
$700 |
224.2 |
515 |
||
|
6 |
36,766,356 |
26.62 |
$700 |
1,650 |
1,700 |
||
|
7 |
3,482,211 |
2.593 |
$700 |
94 |
500 |
||
|
8 |
60,085,804 |
46.27 |
$800 |
2,200 |
2,000 |
||
|
9 |
3,039,126 |
2.52 |
$800 |
5,381 |
250 |
||
|
10 |
73,053,286 |
59.93 |
$800 |
1,505 |
2,000 |
||
|
11 |
1,416,027 |
1.101 |
$800 |
145.2 |
750 |
|
|
|
12 |
6,017,643 |
5.012 |
$800 |
297.4 |
550 |
||
|
13 |
18,040,341 |
15.82 |
$900 |
539.5 |
1,100 |
||
|
14 |
11,665,937 |
10.2 |
$900 |
453.3 |
1,000 |
||
|
15 |
11,261,795 |
10.28 |
$900 |
560.1 |
1,000 |
||
|
16 |
4,561,599 |
4.471 |
$1,000 |
307.3 |
500 |
||
|
17 |
12,291,529 |
11.83 |
$1,000 |
527.6 |
1,000 |
||
|
18 |
128,771,988 |
132.1 |
$1,000 |
317.6 |
4,000 |
||
|
19 |
33,829,590 |
39.45 |
$1,200 |
483.5 |
1,500 |
||
|
20 |
7,460,025 |
8.676 |
$1,200 |
293.7 |
750 |
||
|
21 |
13,925,313 |
16.94 |
$1,200 |
451.1 |
800 |
||
|
22 |
3,799,897 |
4.47 |
$1,200 |
49.9 |
250 |
||
|
23 |
187,410 |
0.214 |
$1,200 |
37.7 |
40 |
|
|
|
24 |
19,406,703 |
25.59 |
$1,300 |
1,033 |
1,150 |
||
|
25 |
476,703 |
0.619 |
$1,300 |
77.8 |
100 |
||
|
26 |
8,440,820 |
11.24 |
$1,300 |
331.6 |
500 |
||
|
27 |
17,298,040 |
24.81 |
$1,400 |
252.1 |
750 |
||
|
28 |
5,681,519 |
9.018 |
$1,600 |
44.8 |
300 |
||
|
29 |
27,269,482 |
45.97 |
$1,700 |
959.4 |
1,000 |
||
|
30 |
11,126,832 |
20.56 |
$1,800 |
449.6 |
500 |
||
|
31 |
9,826,419 |
18.3 |
$1,900 |
246.9 |
300 |
||
|
32 |
1,593,256 |
3.094 |
$1,900 |
59.8 |
75 |
|
|
|
33 |
12,746,990 |
23.98 |
$1,900 |
186.4 |
850 |
||
|
34 |
16,380,005 |
32.35 |
$2,000 |
883.9 |
1,000 |
||
|
35 |
3,086,859 |
6.185 |
$2,000 |
242.7 |
300 |
||
|
36 |
40,187,486 |
85.46 |
$2,100 |
621.3 |
800 |
||
|
37 |
9,467,866 |
20.74 |
$2,200 |
237.5 |
500 |
|
|
|
38 |
11,190,786 |
27.7 |
$2,500 |
498.7 |
500 |
||
|
39 |
21,029,853 |
51.8 |
$2,500 |
906.7 |
1,000 |
||
|
40 |
1,867,035 |
6.123 |
$3,300 |
-4.4 79 |
-5 80 |
||
|
41 |
1,173,900 |
6.239 |
$5,300 |
27.1 |
110 |
||
|
42 |
1,389,201 |
8.031 |
$5,800 |
-10.7 |
-15 |
||
|
43 |
418,224 |
2.99 |
$6,200 |
136 |
150 |
||
|
44 |
2,030,692 |
15.78 |
$7,800 |
146.1 |
160 |
||
|
45 |
81,188 |
0.626 |
$7,800 |
9.2 |
10 |
||
|
46 |
1,640,115 |
16.64 |
$10,100 |
30.1 |
35 |
|
|
|
47 |
44,344,136 |
527.4 |
$11,900 |
624.9 |
650 |
||
|
48 |
1,230,602 |
16.36 |
$13,300 |
-15.1 |
-20 |
||
|
49 |
535,881 |
9.3 |
$17,354 |
21.3 |
100 |
|
|
|
158,603,970 |
839.5 |
$5,293 |
2,191 |
2,065 |
|
|
50 |
32,531,853 |
237 |
$7,300 |
232.2 |
250 |
||
|
51 |
77,505,756 |
337.9 |
$4,400 |
1,120 |
1,000 |
||
|
52 |
5,765,563 |
48.19 |
$8,400 |
10 |
10 |
||
|
53 |
32,725,847 |
139.5 |
$4,300 |
522.8 |
500 |
||
|
54 |
10,074,951 |
76.91 |
$7,600 |
305.5 |
305 |
Sanders,